—posting due by Friday June 15 at 5 pm
PART A:
· Visit http://www.blogger.com/www.drugabuse.gov/NIDAHome.html
· For your assigned category of drugs listed below, report the following: (a) recent statistics about use, (b) recent research finding, (c)one clinical trial. Type “Web Assignment 4-part A” in the subject line of your posting.
- Mike: CNS depressants
- Krista: cannabinoids
- Faith: hallucinogens
- Neil: CNS stimulants
- Sarah: nicotine
- Kevin: CNS depressants
- Eli: cannabinoids
PART B:
Using any resources available, identify what measures are in place to prevent abuse of narcotic medications.
Wednesday, June 13, 2007
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Web Assignment 4
Sarah Rutherford
Part A
A)Cigarettes/Nicotine – Lifetime abuse of cigarettes decreased among 10th- and 12th-graders from 2005 to 2006 (38.9 percent to 36.1 percent for 10th-graders; 50.0 percent to 47.1 percent for 12th-graders). Past year abuse of bidis (small, flavored cigarettes from India) decreased among 12th-graders, from 3.3 percent in 2005 to 2.3 percent in 2006. (This question was asked only of 12th-graders from 2005 to 2006.)
B)Recent findings from several NIDA-funded researchers confirm not only that nicotine is highly addictive but that it affects the same brain mechanism as other drugs of abuse and increases brain levels of dopamine. The findings also suggest how nicotine abstinence and withdrawal activate the body's stress systems.
C)Thirteen (male = 4; female = 9) non-treatment-seeking, nicotine-dependent smokers
(mean age = 37.1; S.D. = 12.2) were recruited for participation in this trial. Participants
met the following criteria: nicotine dependence; smoked 21 cigarettes or more per day for
at least the past 2 years; reported good physical health; and were able to wear HMD for
up to 40 minutes. Participants who had current diagnosis of severe mental illness,
substance dependence (other than nicotine), illicit drug in the past 30 days, or pregnancy
were excluded.
Improved methodologies using virtual reality (VR) cue reactivity extend
previous research standardizing exposure to stimuli and exploring reactions to drug cues in a
controlled VR setting.
RESULTS:This first, controlled trial using VR cue reactivity demonstrated that VR smoking cueseffectively increase subjective craving in nicotine preloaded, dependent smokers. VR allows experimental manipulation of cues in a systematic, standardized, repeatable methodology. While the second neutral cue serves to decrease subjective craving, a trend towards recovery of baseline craving levels was observed. Overall, data in this VR trial are similar to the results using traditional cue reactivity studies on smokers
http://www.drugabuse.gov/NIDAHome.html
Part B
The drug clonidine (Catapres) has been shown to relieve some of the symptoms of withdrawal, especially salivation, runny nose, sweating, abdominal cramping, and muscle aches. Clonidine, when used in combination with naltrexone (ReVia), a long-acting narcotic antagonist, produces a more rapid detoxification.
Ultrarapid detoxification programs also exist. In a 1-day detoxification, patients are heavily sedated or are placed under general anesthesia. Naltrexone is given while the person is unconscious. This method has not been studied extensively in controlled trials and carries the risks associated with exposing a person to general anesthesia.
Programs such as Narcotics Anonymous and other detoxification programs emphasize abstaining from all narcotic drugs and other abused drugs by using a system of social support. Involvement in such a system has been shown to reduce a person's risk of returning to drug abuse. For information on Narcotics Anonymous meetings in your area, call (818) 773-9999.
Prescription narcotic have to have a new prescription for each fill of a narcotic. The patients medical history, insurance, and state regulations prevent patients from getting narcotic filled at a pharmacy more often then a physician allows.
Other organizations provide free information and help groups. They include: American Council for Drug Education; Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, Quick Guide to Finding Effective Alcohol and Drug; MedlinePlus, Drug Abuse; Narcotics Anonymous; National Institute on Drug Abuse, Heroin Abuse and Addiction; National Institute on Drug Abuse, Understanding Drug Abuse and Addiction; Partnership for a Drug Free America; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
http://www.emedicinehealth.com/narcotic_abuse/page6_em.htm
Web Assignment 4 Part-A
Krista Duncan
Cannabiniods- Chemicals that help control mental and physical processes when produced naturally by the body and that produce intoxication and other effects when absorbed from marijuana.
http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=define%3A+cannabinoids
Statistic:
“-Percent of persons 12 years of age and over with any illicit drug use in the past month: 7.6
-Percent of persons 12 years of age and over with marijuana (cannabiniods) use in the past month: 6.1
-Percent of persons 12 years of age and over with any nonmedical use of a psychotherapeutic drug in the past month: 2.5”
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/druguse.htm
Research finding:
“ Dr. Michael Walker, reported on the isolation, identification, tissue distribution and biosynthesis of a novel endogenous arachidonic acid-derived compound, N-arachidonylglycine from bovine brain extract. Also, Drs. Kunos and Martin presented evidence for the existence of a, yet undiscovered cannabinoid receptor, that is different form CB-1 and 2, and speculated that there may be additional receptors and endogenous ligands.”
http://www.drugabuse.gov/MeetSum/Cannabinoids.html
Clinical Trail:
-CURRENTLY IN PROCESS (PHASE II)
-The trial is to determine whether lithium will efficiently help subdue the withdraw effects of cannabis users. If so, will lithium also help abstinence from the drug and be able to be supplied at rehab centers?
- A recent study in rats determined that in fact lithium does help withdraw symptoms.
-Healthy volunteers are now being excepted between the ages of 18-55 who have cannabis dependence for at least a three month period, who WANT treatment, and have withdraw symptoms.
Excluding- Volunteers that are; pregnant, breastfeeding, have medical conditions, taking medications hat interact with lithium, hypersensitivity, already taking Lithium and currently taking antidepressants.
-The trial is taking place in Australia, New South Wales
http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00114439;jsessionid=C24190478597FE79B926C67342CAAA51?order=31
Web Assignment 4 Part-B
-“In the ten years between 1992 and 2002 treatment admission rates for abuse of narcotic pain medications more than doubled.”
http://www.jointogether.org/news/research/pressreleases/2004/treatment-admissions-for-of.html
-There are several “houses” to help with addiction and withdraw. For example, visit:
http://www.executiverehab.com/
-There are also gender programs that are only for men or women. Men and women have different addiction habits and/or reasons so it is more helpful for them to be separated.
-Marijuana addiction treatment- Nearly 45% of United States teenagers try marijuana before finishing high school.
-Counseling- 1-877-254-3348
http://www.marijuanaaddictiontreatment.com/
-“No medications are now available to treat marijuana abuse. However, recent discoveries about the workings of THC receptors have raised the possibility that scientists may eventually develop a medication that will block THC's intoxicating effects. Such a medication might be used to prevent relapse to marijuana abuse by reducing or eliminating its appeal.”
http://www.drug-addiction.com/marijuana.htm
Web Assignment 4
Kevin
Sedative abuse is where patients fake the need for a prescription and and share the medication with friends. Benzodiazepines which is commonly known as muscle relaxers is also a common abused CNS depressant. Opoids such as Oxycontin are highly addictive and have a high abuse rate. The most used CNS depressant is alcohol.
Half of Americans age 12 or older report they currently drink alcohol. That number turns out to be 109 million people. Approximately one fifth of persons age 12 or older report they participate in binge drinking at least once a month. Although only a 5.7 percent of the population is estimated to be heavy drinkers. 44% of the adult U.S. population are drinkers who consume 12 drinks in the past year. 14 milion Americans meet the criteria for alcoholism, more than half of Americans have a close family member who has or had alcoholism.
Recent research has shown that CNS depressants affect the neurotransmitter gammaminobutyric acid (GABA). Neurotransmitters allow the brain to communicate between brain cells. CNS depressants work in the way to increase GABA activity and produce a drowsy calming effect that is beneficial to those suffer from anxiety or sleep disorders.
www.nida.nih.gov/ResearchReports/Prescription/prescription3.html
Web Assignment 4
Eli Walker
Part A
Cannabinoidss-Any of various organic substances, such as THC, found in cannabis.
A)Statistics
Cannabinoids, or marijuana, was involved in 79,663, or nearly 13 percent, of all drug-related ED visits. (2003)
A recent study released by former NORML head and public policy researcher Jon Gettman concluded that Americans grew $35.8 billion worth of marijuana last year -- more than corn ($23.3 billion) and wheat ($7.4 billion) combined.
Lifetime marijuana abuse decreased among 10th-graders, from 34.1 percent in 2005 to 31.8 percent in 2006.
b. Scheiner and Botvin (06) completed a study that produced additional evidence that marijuana's effects on the brain can cause cumulative deterioration of critical life skills in the long run. Researchers gave students a battery of tests measuring problem-solving and emotional skills in 8th grade and again in 12th grade. The results showed that the students who were already drinking alcohol plus smoking marijuana in 8th grade started off slightly behind their peers, but that the distance separating these two groups grew significantly by their senior year in high school. The analysis linked marijuana use, independently of alcohol use, to reduced capacity for self-reinforcement, a group of psychological skills that enable individuals to maintain confidence and persevere in the pursuit of goals.
c. A trial concluded in Oxford in March, 2004 concluded that marijuana exxtracts improve symptoms associated with MS and Spinal Cord Injury. Three trials were completed with twenty-four patients. Patients participating in the trials were administered random extracts of THC, CBD, a combination of both, or a placebo. Patients using the drugs, or a combination of the drugs had pain relief significantly superior to placebo. This study also concluded that impaired bladder control, muscle spasms and spasticity were improved by the extracts.
/www.drugabuse.gov/NIDAHome.html
Part B.
Narcotics Anonymous (N.A.) is a twelve-step program of recovery from drug addiction, modeled from Alcoholics Anonymous. N.A. is the second-largest 12-step organization in existence.
RAZE is an organization that goes to schools and teaches children not to use tobacco and illicit drugs such as narcotics.
Following the advice from a doctor, or pharmacist when using these medications drastically decreases the chance of abuse.
Methadone is a drug used to treat withdrawl symptoms from opioids.
Pharmacology for nurses book.
WEB Assignment #4 Part-A
CNS Stimulants: Rx Amphetamine Sulfate (adderall), Dextroamphetamine (dexidrine), Methylphenidate (Ritalin), Non Rx I & d-n-methamphetamine, cocaine HCl, crack cocaine.
Statistics: "According to the 2004 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, approximately 11.7 million Americans ages 12 and older reported trying methamphetamine at least once during their lifetimes, representing 4.9% of the population ages 12 and older. Approximately 1.4 million (0.6%) reported past year methamphetamine use and 583,000 (0.2%) reported past month methamphetamine use." ~http://tinyurl.com/ywq4lu
Research Findings: The amphetamines, methamphetamines, and all forms of cocaine are highly addictive. Although all of these do have potential in therapeutics, the significant risk factors should be considered. Both drugs increase the levels of serotonin in the brain. Cocaine is also a topical anesthetic (lidocaine was created to mimic cocaine’s numbing effects). Both can have the following effects as well
Positive: increased alertness, motivation, talkativeness, mood shift, and sense of well-being.
Negative: increased aggressiveness, paranoia, dry mouth, headache, increased heart rate (tachycardia), increased breathing rate, increased blood pressure, rise in body temperature, fever and sweating,
diarrhea or constipation, blurred vision, impaired speech, dizziness, uncontrollable movements or tics (twitching, jerking, tremors, etc...), insomnia, numbness, irregular heartbeat (palpitations, arrhythmia), impotence / inability to achieve erection in men (high dose or chronic use), convulsions (high dose), dry & itchy skin (chronic use), acne, sores (chronic use), pallor (high dose or chronic use), psychotic episodes (rare except in overdoses or after chronic use).
Neutral: reduced appetite, dilated pupils, flushing, loss of coordination, restlessness.
~http://tinyurl.com/dobvb
Many Methamphetamine trials (pharmaceutical and street) (although not scientifically documented, very interesting) may be found at the link bellow.
~http://tinyurl.com/ysvkmc
Part-B
There are many measures in place to reduce the illegal use of prescription drugs. These include patient teaching plans to educate the patient on the importance of taking the correct dosage and steps to help them come off of potentially addictive medications. In addition, pharmacists as well as the physicians generally try to prescribe these readily abused drugs only to patients who actually need it.
Other methods include NA meetings, and other organizations to help those hooked on medications. There are clinics that deal with some of the narcotic opioids with methadone.
Last but not least would include organizations like the DEA, BATFE, as well as local police who try to control the illegal use and sale of drugs both prescribed, grown, and clandestine.
Web Assignment 4
Faith
PART A
a) In 2006, 0.9% of 8th, 1.5% of 10th graders, and 1.5% of 12th graders reported using hallucinogens. A 2005 survey showed that approximately 11% of college students and 17.6% of young adults (ages 19-28) had used hallucinogens in their lifetimes. In 2004, a survey showed that 25.9% of federal prisoners and 32.9% of state prisoners had admitted to using hallucinogens. http://www.randomstudentdrugtesting.org/hallucinogens.html
b) The DMS did a recent study were they found that hallucinogens have decreased in price and increased in availability, and frequent hallucinogen users were less likely to have accessed medical services and less likely than methamphetamine users to commit a crime. Of the researched 38 frequent hallucinogen users none admitted to injecting drugs or using heroin or opiates in the past six months. The same group of users also had high levels of use regarding legal dance party pills and nitrous oxide. http://www.ndp.govt.nz/publications/idmsresearchbriefings/idmsresearchbriefing-hallucinogens.pdf
c) Scientists Test Hallucinogens for Mental Ills
Dr. Nichols reported that symptoms of OCD decreased under the influence of psilocybin, a hallucinogen derived from mushrooms. Dr. Nicholas is the founder of the Heffter Research Institute, and this institution is financing clinical trials using hallucinogens to treat phobias, depression, OCD and substance abuse. A group of 70 church members, 70 alcoholics and 70 people from a Southwest community were selected to undergo a variety of tests to see if after two to three years of peyote use if their health is affected. They are also treating 64 depressed patients with psilocybin for three years. They are hoping to determine of hallucinogens could be used as a “mainstream medicine”.
http://www.maps.org/media/blakesleea.html
PART B
International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs
This commission passes laws to help enforce the laws regarding narcotics.
http://www.state.gov/p/inl/rls/rm/81659.htm
CASA: The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University
CASA’S MISSION STATEMENT: “CASA promotes the identification, prevention and treatment of drug problems through research, publications, education and training.”
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
This is a public hospital that provides patient care for people with addiction problems.
DEA. U.S. Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration
This administration enforces US controlled substances laws and regulations.
Web Assignment 4-part A
Part A
A. Approximately 6 million persons 12 and older used psychotherapeutic drugs for non-medical purposes in 2004, which represents 2.5 percent of the U.S. population.More than 100,000 U.S. deaths are caused by excessive alcohol consumption each year. Direct and indirect causes of death include drunk driving, cirrhosis of the liver, falls, cancer, and stroke. At least once a year, the guidelines for low risk drinking are exceeded by an estimated 74% of male drinkers and 72% of female drinkers aged 21 and older. Nearly 14 million Americans meet diagnostic criteria for alcohol use disorders. More than 18% of Americans experience alcohol abuse or alcohol dependence at some time in their lives. Underage drinking costs the United States more than $58 billion every year this is enough to buy every public school student a state-of-the-art computer. Alcohol kills 6½ times more youth than all other illicit drugs combined. Concerning the past 30 days, 50% of high school seniors report drinking, with 32% report being drunk at least once. 1 in 5 report abusing prescription stimulants and tranquilizers. 55.8 percent of 21-25 year olds reported using tranquilizers in 2004.
B. Research has shown that there are numerous CNS depressants; most act on the brain by affecting the neurotransmitter gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA). Neurotransmitters are brain chemicals that facilitate communication between brain cells. GABA works by decreasing brain activity. GABA activity that they produce a drowsy or calming effect that is beneficial to those suffering from anxiety or sleep disorders.
C. Benzodiazepines are the standard pharmacotherapies for ethanol detoxification, but concerns about their abuse potential and negative effects upon the transition to alcohol abstinence drive the search for new treatments. Glutamatergic activation and glutamate receptor up-regulation contribute to ethanol dependence and withdrawal. This study compared 3 antiglutamatergic strategies for ethanol detoxification with placebo and to the benzodiazepine, diazepam: the glutamate release inhibitor, lamotrigine; the N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor antagonist, memantine; and the AMPA/kainite receptor inhibitor, topiramate.
http://www.druglib.com/abstract/kr/krupitsky-em_alcohol-clin-exp-res_20070400.htm
http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/prescription/AppD.htm#Tab2-17A
http://www.drugfree.org/Portal/DrugIssue/Features/Prescription_Medicine_Misuse
http://www.drug-rehabs.org/prescription-drug-abuse.htm
Part B
There are many organizations set up in order to help anyone that is abusing drugs of any kind. Some of these organizations include: Caring School Community Program, Classroom-Centered (CC) and Family-School, Partnership (FSP) Intervention, Guiding Good Choices (GGC), Life Skills Training (LST) Program. There are also other ways of preventing drug abuse, these include parents locking up medications, and doctors and pharmacists following rules regarding prescription of these drugs. Other organizations include Narcotics Anonymous, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Partnership for a Drug Free America, and Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
http://www.drugabuse.gov/pdf/prevention/InBrief.pdf
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